Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is an age-related condition characterized by the gradual wear and tear of the intervertebral discs that cushion the vertebrae. Pathologically, the condition begins as the discs lose their water content and elasticity, leading to structural micro-tears, a loss of disc height, and potential nerve compression (you can see disc bulges and herniations too). 

Management typically favors non-surgical, conservative options such as physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and targeted injections to control pain and improve mobility. In severe cases where neurological deficits or unremitting chronic pain persist, surgical interventions like laminectomy, spinal fusion or artificial disc replacement may be considered.